During the anxious gray winter days immediately following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Franklin D. Roosevelt confronted the most serious crisis of his Presidency. Now engaged in a rapidly expanding war on two major fronts—one against Nazi Germany in Europe, the other against Imperial Japan in the Pacific—he welcomed British Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill to Washington on December 22, 1941, for 3 weeks of intensive war-related discussions. Code-named ARCADIA, the meeting’s purpose, as Churchill envisioned it, was to "review the whole war plan in the light of reality and new facts, as well as the problems of production and distribution.” Overcoming recent setbacks, pooling resources, and regaining the initiative against the enemy became the main themes. To turn their decisions into concrete plans, Roosevelt and Churchill looked to their senior military advisors, who held parallel discussions. From these deliberations emerged the broad outlines of a common grand strategy and several new high-level organizations for coordinating the war effort. One of these was a U.S. inter-Service advisory committee called the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS).