Key Points
• Several official national security documents, joint publications, and Department of Defense (DOD) directives emphasize partnerships between the government and private sector. Yet efforts to implement public-private arrangements often encounter difficulties, especially in DOD.
• Public-private cooperation (PPC) must be based on shared visions, principles, goals, objectives, standards. There needs to be a sense of community around a common purpose. Cooperation is most effective when all partners gain something of value and make concessions symmetrically.
• DOD must pay more attention to PPC, clarify authorities, and allocate appropriate resources. Incremental changes can bring benefits now, but systemic solutions will be needed for DOD to implement PPC on a scale to meet the evolving demands of the new strategic environment.
• This paper anticipates challenges and identifies steps to overcome them. In subsequent research, a broader, multi-dimensional framework could be developed to explore more examples in greater depth.

Key Points
• Additive Manufacturing is becoming more cost-effective and widely available. Products ranging from titanium components to human tissue can now be “printed.” Its use is increasing dramatically with new materials and applications, so national security opportunities and challenges must be addressed proactively.
• National security advantages come from manufacturing and medical applications, namely, the ability to create specialized parts cheaply from an ever-growing list of materials. Additive manufacturing could reduce material use, build time, weight, and delivery times. This will bear directly on U.S. security operations.
• The ubiquity of this technology means that these advantages will be available to consumers and America’s rivals. Its consumer applications may create legal challenges.
• This technology could be part of a U.S. manufacturing revolution, allowing innovation and production especially when considered with other technologies.

Key Points
• Several official national security documents, joint publications, and Department of Defense (DOD) directives emphasize partnerships between the government and private sector. Yet efforts to implement public-private arrangements often encounter difficulties, especially in DOD.
• Public-private cooperation (PPC) must be based on shared visions, principles, goals, objectives, standards. There needs to be a sense of community around a common purpose. Cooperation is most effective when all partners gain something of value and make concessions symmetrically.
• DOD must pay more attention to PPC, clarify authorities, and allocate appropriate resources. Incremental changes can bring benefits now, but systemic solutions will be needed for DOD to implement PPC on a scale to meet the evolving demands of the new strategic environment.
• This paper anticipates challenges and identifies steps to overcome them. In subsequent research, a broader, multi-dimensional framework could be developed to explore more examples in greater depth.